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New South Wales Government Report on The Aborigines Question, 1838
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1838
NEW SOUTH WALES.
ABORIGINES QUESTION
REPORT FROM THE
ON
THE ABORIGINES QUESTION
WITH
THE MINUTES OF EVIDENCE.
ORDERED BT THE COUNCIL TO BE PRINTED,
12th October, 1838,
SYDNEY
PRINTED BY J. SPILSBURY
LOWER GEORGE ST
“The present state
of the Aborigines”
EXTRACT FROM THE VOTES AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL,
No. 23
Tuesday, 14th
August, 1838
Aborigines
Question: Motion made, and Question put, That a Committee be appointed to inquire into the present state of the Aborigines,
and to take Evidence,
particularly as
to the consequence of their
intercourse with the Colonists, and the results of
the efforts that have been made to introduce Civilization, Education, and
Christianity amongst them; and to inquire into the state,
progress, and effects
of the several Missions now employed amongst the Aboriginal tribes.
Passed. , Moved, that the various documents relative to the
subject of the intercourse with the Aborigines, laid by the Governor before the
Council, on Friday last, be referred to the Committee." .
'
.
.
.
Committee APPOINTED:—
THE
RIGHT REV. THE LORD BISHOP OF AUSTRALIA
THE
COLLECTOR OF CUSTOMS.
MR. BLAXLAND
THE
AUDITOR GENERAL.
MR. MACARTHUR.
ABORIGINES
QUESTION.
REPORT FROM THE COMMITTEE
Appointed
to inquire into the present state of the Aborigines, and to take Evidence,
particularly at to the consequence of their intercourse with the Colonists, and
the results of the efforts that have been made to introduce Civilization,
Education, and Christianity amongst them; and to inquire into the state,
progress, and effects of the several Missions now employed amongst the
Aboriginal tribes.
.
.
YOUR
Committee have proceeded, so far as their opportunities have enabled them, to
examine evidence for the purpose of ascertaining the existing condition of the
Aborigines of this colony; and have the honour to lay before the Council, the
information which they have collected.
Within the time which it has been in the power of the Committee to
allot to the discharge of the duty entrusted to them, it has not been possible
to obtain the testimony, of so many witnesses as it might be desirable to
interrogate, upon a subject so interesting to humanity, and so vitally connected
with the welfare of the colony. Neither
have they been enabled to direct their own attention so closely to the different
points requiring examination, or to be able conscientiously to pronounce an
opinion, or to recommend the adoption of any particular course.
Upon one subject only, have they after full consultation arrived at any
agreement; and that subject is, the proposition which has been made for the
removal to this colony of those natives of Van Diemen's Land, who are now located
on Flinders' Island. It is
not desirable, in the opinion of your Committee, that this suggestion should be
complied with. Not to enter
into a detail of all the reasons which have impelled them to form this
conclusion, your Committee deem it enough to state that the measure in question
would entail an
“The
spirit of acquisition, and consequent civilization.”
“PROTECTORS
OF ABORIGINES.
Letter
from the Colonial Secretary of Van Diemen's Land, to the Colonial Secretary of
New South Wales, stating that Mr. G. A. Robinson is empowered to make arrangements for the removal to New Holland, of the Aboriginal Natives at
Flinders Island, and that Sir John Franklin is prepared to meet in a liberal
manner in question of the expense of their future support and to co-operate in
every measure for their welfare.
Van Diemens Land, Colonial SECRETARY’S Office,
22nd
August 1838.
Sir,
I have
the honor by direction of Sir John Franklin, to acknowledge the receipt of your
letter of the 17lh ultimo, transmitting copy of a Despatch, dated 31st January
last, from the Right Honorable the Secretary of Slate for the Colonies,
addressed to his Excellency Sir George Gipps, relative to the adoption of some
plan for the better protection and civilization of the native tribes within
the limits of the Government of New South Wales.
I am to
inform you that the Lieutenant Governor had been honored, on the 28th June last,
by a copy of the Despatch above alluded to, in a communication addressed to him
by Lord Glenelg, in which His Lordship intimated his desire that the situation
of Chief Protector of Aborigines should be offered to Mr. G. A. Robinson, at
present in charge of the Aborigines Establishment at Flinder's Island …
enclosures … exhibit the wish of the Natives themselves to proceed to New
Holland.
Mr.
Robinson is fully empowered by Sir John Franklin to make any arrangement which
may meet the concurrence of Sir George Gipps, for the removal of the Aborigines
from Flinders Island to New Holland ; His Excellency has after very mature
consideration arrived at the
opinion that such a measure will meet the calls of humanity towards the
Van Diemen's Land Natives themselves, and of policy towards the British
settlers, In the increased safety they may expect by the intermixture of the
domesticated Blacks with the less civilized tribes, and the consequent decrease
of hostility on the part of the latter towards the Whites. Under such an
impression, the Lieutenant Governor is prepared to meet the question of expense
attending the support of the Natives after their removal from Flinders Island,
in the spirit of liberality and fairness with which he had no doubt Sir George
Gipps will entertain it.
As
a principle upon which to determine the amount to be paid by this Colony, the
Lieutenant Governor would propose that a certain sum should be charged to Van
Diemen's Land, for the keep of each one of the Aborigines ; but, to prevent
unnecessary trouble in the accounts, the money to be received by the Sister
Colony should be calculated for each ten, not for each individual, thus, their
number is now 86, imagine it 90, and this Colony will have to pay nine times the
amount agreed upon for supporting ten Natives, for so long as their numbers
shall remain above 80, but in the event of their being reduced to 80, then eight
times only the amount agreed upon for ten will have to be paid, and so on in
proportion to their increase or reduction.
It
is proposed that as soon as Mr. Robinson shall have definitively arranged with His Excellency Sir George Gipps, and returned to Hobart Town, this
Government will
They
amount to 1,300, and will as already observed, be removed with their owners, a
proceeding from which other advantages might subsequently spring, as exhibiting
to the Natives of New Holland the new comers in the light of
possessors-of property, and perhaps not improbably leading to the excitement in
the former, of the spirit of acquisition and consequent civilization.
I
am to observe, that Sir John Franklin, reposing every confidence in Mr.
Robinson's experience and judgment, will leave it to him to enter into such
arrangements with Sir George Gipps, as His Excellency may consider advisable for
carrying out the humane intentions of Her Majesty's Government in the creation
of the Office of Chief Protector, as far as they may be Influenced by the
introduction of the domesticated Natives from Flinders Island, amongst their
less civilized brethren in New Holland … the Lieutenant Governor is not
prepared to consider that the claims of the Van Diemen's Land Aborigines, upon
this Colony, will cease with their removal from its Territories, but will at all
times feel it his duty to adopt any suggestions for their welfare.
1
have the honor to be, &c..
JOHN MONTAGU,
K.
Deas Thomson, Esq., Colonial
Secretary.” [4]
LIST OF WITNESSES.
Monday, 10 September 1838.
MR. G. A. ROBINSON....................................
Thursday, 20 September, 1838.
ROBERT SCOTT, Esq...................................... 15
Friday, 21 September, 1838.
REV. L. E. THRELKELD................................ 19
LIEUTENANT R. SADLIER, R.N.......................... 27
Tuesday, 25 September, 1838.
MR. JOHN HARPER,.................................... 52
MRS. SHELLEY,......................................... 54
.
MINUTES OF EVIDENCE.
Monday, 10 September 1838.
THE LORD BISHOP OF AUSTRALIA,
IN THE CHAIR.
Mr. G. A. Robinson, Chief Protector, called in and examined :—
I HAVE recently received the appointment of Chief Protector of the Aborigines in New Sooth Wales. The duties of that station are generally explained by its title or denomination; but I am not as yet fully aware of what they particularly consist in, otherwise than as I hare gleaned from the dispatch of the Secretary of State, notifying the appointment. I hare been at Port Phillip about eighteen months ago; that it the only part of New South Wales which I hare visited previously to the present occasion.
I hare been between twelve and thirteen years resident in Van Diemen's Land; and daring the last ten years have had frequent opportunities of association and intercourse with the Aborigines of that island.
My first connexion with those natives arose from a proposition which I submitted in the beginning of 1829, to Colonel Arthur, at that time Lieutenant-Governor of the Island, proposing that I should undertake a conciliatory mission to communicate with the Aborigines; from an impression which I felt that conciliation would afford the only means of allaying the hostile spirit which then existed.
The spirit of hostility among the Aborigines was universal throughout the colony, so much so, that military parties, were stationed for the protection of the settlers in the various districts, and parties of the civil force perambulated the settled districts to prevent the incursions of the natives, or if possible, to apprehend them.
These measures proved abortive; and the great measure of arming the whole population of the island was equally unavailing. Before the military cordon was drawn across the south-east angle of the island, with the view of driving the Aborigines into Tasman's peninsula, I had been nine months engaged with uniform success in a conciliatory mission to the several tribes of the colony, with all of whom, excepting the Big River, Oyster Bay, and Stony Creek, I had communication. After the abandonment of military operations, or towards the close of them, I received instructions from the Lieutenant-Governor, to effect the removal from the main land of the tribes in the north, if it could be accomplished with their own consent. I succeeded in obtaining that consent, arid the whole of one tribe was removed, under my charge to Swan Island, near Cape Portland, in Bass' Strait. Subsequently I engaged, by direction of Government, in another similar expedition, the result of which was, the removal of the Stony Creek, Big River, and Oyster Bay tribes (three of the most sanguinary in the island), to Great Island, otherwise called Flinders' Island, where the depot was finally established; the tribe which had been placed in Swan Island, having been also removed to the same place with the other three. The whole of these four tribes were removed, men, women, and children.
After this I entered upon a third expedition, by which I effected the removal to Flinders' Island, of one tribe on the North, and another on the West coast. I went out again on a fourth expedition, and succeeded in removing to the general depot the tribes on the whole of the West: finally the numbers assembled, on the island were from 200 to 250 brought in by myself, and a few more who were captured by different parties in Van Diemen's Land.
I am convinced that this comprised the entire native population of that island, except one family, which still remains in the interior, and have been communicated with twelve months since by my son. They are peaceable, and it is considered right to allow them to remain. This family consists of six: the father, mother, and four children. I was examined in 1831, before the Executive Council in Van Diemen's Land, upon the subject of the Aborigines.
I recollect having then represented the disposition evinced by them towards the white population as extremely hostile.
They were exceedingly daring in their attacks both on persons and property. They were extremely insidious in their attacks on dwelling-houses and individuals. They both plundered and set 6re to dwelling-houses when the inmates were in them, whom they attacked with the intention of destroying them, as well as plundering the premises.
I cannot enumerate the murders which were committed by the natives on white persons, but I know they were very numerous. . I believe, speaking from recollection, that one Coroner sat on the bodies of twenty-eight.
It was dangerous to allow any natives near a habitation : it was not possible to guard against their ravages: military force was quite ineffective. I stated before the Executive Council, and now repeat my opinion, that an entire army could not have subjugated these few miserable people, unless the whole country had been cleared of the forest.
When the natives were all assembled on Flinders' Island, in 1635, I took charge of them, and have continued to do so ever since. I did not find them retaining that ferocious character which they had displayed in their own country. They showed no hostility, or even hostile recollection towards the whites.
Unquestionably those natives assembled on the island were the same who had been engaged in the outrages I have spoken of; many of them, before they were removed, pointed out to me the spots where murders and other acts of violence had been committed. They made no secret of acknowledging their participation in such acts: and only considered them as a just retaliation for wrongs done t« them or to their progenitors.
On removal to the island, they appeared to forget all these facts. They could not of course fail to remember them, but never recurred to them: and no mention was made of former transactions by myself, except for the purpose of eliciting information, and I did not permit them to be made the subject of conversation between the natives and the persons connected with the establishment under my charge.
I should certainly have objected to their being restored to their own country, unless placed under proper protection: otherwise I would have thought it dangerous; because, from the nefarious character of the stockmen and herdsmen, with whom they must have come in collision, the natives must have suffered aggression, and so hostilities would have been revived. The experiment was partly tried by my taking as my companions, during a tour in Van Diemen's Land, some of the most ferocious of the chieftains, as well as their people, who were uniformly docile, and made not the slightest attempt to escape, but were faithful and of the greatest service.
Being always under my protection, they encountered no ill-treatment; but I would hare strongly objected to their being allowed to take their own course, to as to expose themselves to the ill-usage of evil-disposed persons among the whites.
There has been a great mortality among the natives since they were placed on the island, insomuch, that there remain at this time only eighty-one of all ages and sexes; among these are some of those who were engaged in the acts of violence in Van Diemen's Land from which the settlers suffered so severely.
I am aware that it has been proposed to remove the existing tribes from the island in which they have been confined, to the continent of New Sooth Wales.
I think it would be most desirable, and equally practicable, to keep them still under my protection and observation when thus removed; and this is what I would trust to for the prevention of ganger which might arise from the transplantation of the Flinders' Island tribes to this colony, if their former habits of animosity to the whites were to be revived; but of this I have not the slightest apprehension.
I ground this assurance upon the civilization which has been effected, and has now become habitual.
I think it so habitual, that they would not now be led to associate upon the footing , of their native customs with the Aborigines of this country.
In Flinders' Island they have taken to handicraft and sedentary employments, almost as a matter of necessity; but for their general employment, when circumstances , snail admit of it, I would deem a pastoral occupation better suited.
I am fully aware that there have been natives of this colony who hare been so far civilized, as to adopt for a time, the European style of dress and living, who yet, when opportunity offered, have gone back to their native and erratic kind of life, and have shown that they were not permanently or effectually weaned from the love of their original mode of life. Instances of the same kind, indeed numerous ones, hare come to my knowledge in Van Diemen's Land; but these results have not occasioned me any surprise.
The Flinders' Island people, if removed to this country, would exist at a community ; that is the chief check I should expect to operate against their return to the habits of a savage life; but in a foreign country that it not at all to be apprehended.
By a foreign country, I mean that this is not the land of their nativity, though it be in character very similar, and the pursuits of the Aborigines here are very similar to those they have been accustomed to. They themselves deny that they are of the same race.
I must admit it to be possible, though I think it by no means probable, that any bad results would accrue by the translation of the natives at Flinders' Island to New Holland.
If any symptoms of hostility were to be manifested by the Aboriginal natives of this colony in consequence of the introduction of the others, I would think that an attempt to subjugate them by force, in so widely extended and thickly wooded a country would fail under any circumstances. My plan would be to conciliate.
I do not apprehend more difficulty in carrying on a system of conciliation among the natives, in consequence of the wider extent of this country, compared with Van Diemen's Land, as I could follow them up more easily here in consequence of the country being more accessible.
Flinders' Island is about 200 miles in circumference, very sterile, and covered principally with scrub, but having some timber on it.
I accompanied the first tribe of Van Diemen's Land natives to that island, and formed the establishment there.
I had no military with me; I did not consider such necessary.
I regarded the natives as rational beings, and treated them as such.
When I first effected a communication with the Big River and Oyster Bay tribes, they were informed that they were to be deported to a neighbouring island, where they would be protected, cared for, and taught civilised habits, the same as the whites, to which arrangement they consented, and placed themselves under my protection, never attempting to leave me, or even to hunt without my permission.
Prior to their removal, some of the tribes were hostile to each other, and I experienced great difficulty in preventing them from coming into collision.
The Government of Van Diemen's Land has hitherto borne the expense of the establishment, amounting to about £3000 per annum; but I think they would do better on this continent, than they would if sent back to their native land, although I feel assured, that the race cannot be preserved anywhere.
My reason for thinking that they would do better here, is, that they suffer from pulmonary complaints, and this climate is better suited to their constitutions; besides which, I consider that a return to Van Diemen's Land, would produce such excitement , of mind as would be prejudicial to their health.
I entertain no fear of their wandering away and joining the native tribes in the vicinity of Port Phillip. .
I propose forming my establishment on the banks of some river, some short distance from Melbourne, where they can keep their sheep and live stock, and where I expect the same system can be pursued as at Flinders Island.
I think that the comfort which will be witnessed by the surrounding tribes, who will, in all probability visit the establishment, may be the means of inducing them to adopt a similar mode of life, in which case additional establishments might be formed under the Assistant Protectors.
The removal of the blacks from Flinders Island is necessary on the score of humanity; but I think that it would prove of the greatest utility to the Aborigines of this continent, if they were set down amongst them.
The latter, indeed, is the primary object I have in view by recommending it; for I do not expect that the Flinders' Island people will increase, there being only six young women amongst them, and of twelve children born in the last three years, eight have died, and the death of two others may shortly be expected; their utter extinction may consequently be looked forward to, at no very distant period.
On the other hand, much good must be derived by the New Holland natives, from the example set them by the establishment, which would form a nucleus.
In fact, no mischief could, by possibility happen by their removal; and I feel perfectly free from all apprehension of danger to ourselves from the Aborigines in the neighbourhood, even if we were unarmed and unprotected, as I purpose we shall be; but should there be any doubt on this subject, one half of the people might be removed at first by way of experiment.
I would however, myself, recommend the removal of the entire party at once, and must confess., that it will be to me a most serious disappointment if the measure is not adopted, as it will destroy all the plans which I have formed, and the hopes which I entertain, of conferring essential benefits on the natives of this colony; and if, by intercourse with them I am able (as I hope I shall be), to produce a moral feeling amongst them, to teach them to know right from wrong, and induce them to look upon the whites with s friendly instead of an hostile eye, whereby the colony at large will be benefited, from the security to life and property which will be given to the settler; sorely some return will have been made for the expense they may be called upon to bear..
The language of the natives is very difficult to acquire, from the extraordinary number of words which it contains; and and each of the Van Diemen's Land tribes speaks a distinct language, I was under the necessity of acquiring a knowledge of at least four, before I could communicate freely with those under my charge; and to show that they are distinct languages, and not separate dialects—the word fire, is, on the south, urie; on the west, lopa; on the north, pathrola, and on the east, wiata and wenda. Also with their canoes, four different words are used without any similarity.
In fact, when brought together, the tribes do not understand each other.
On the establishment being first set down at Port Phillip, it must be supported by the Government, but as soon as it can be done, it is intended they should support themselves, principally from the produce of their flocks, and from tillage and other labour.
I propose that the same system shall be pursued with those tribes to which an Assistant Protector may be attached; and I am of opinion, that there will be no greater difficulty in introducing civilization amongst these tribes, than was experienced in connexion with those of Van Diemen's Land.
I feel averse to giving any opinion as to the best method of proceeding to attain the great object I have in view, until I shall have made a general tour among the native tribes in the interior.
There are only thirty male adults of the Flinders' Island blacks; of these, nine were my constant attendants in travelling through Van Diemen's Land, and not one ever attempted to leave me. Some of them will accompany me in any tour I may make here, as I consider them infinitely more serviceable on a mission, than white men.
PAPERS HANDED IN BY MR. ROBINSON.
Copies of Letters from Mr. G. A. Robinson, to John Montagu, Esq , Colonial Secretary of Van Diemen's Land, on the subject of the removal of the Natives at Flinder's Island, to the South Coast of New Holland.
No. I.
SIR,
Hobart Town, October 27, 1836.
I have the honour to submit, for the information of the Lieutenant Governor, the following particulars relative to the Aborigines who are domiciled on Flinders' Island, and now confided to my charge : and being fully sensible that His Excellency is not only anxious, but desirous, to be made acquainted with every incident, plan, and proposition, that can in any way bear upon this subject, and which is the more necessary and urgent, since His Excellency is now upon the eve of taking his final departure from this colony.
I beg, therefore, previously to entering thereupon, to premise, that notwithstanding many of the points to be brought under consideration have been before adverted to in my previous communications, which I have had the honour from time to time to submit to the Government; yet, from a recent communication made to me, containing an extract of a dispatch from the Right Honourable the Secretary of State, wherein it would appear that this subject is not fully comprehended; I feel impelled, respectfully, to bring it again under notice.
The point to which I would advert, in the first instance, as being of the utmost consequence, is, the translation of the remnant tribes of the Van Diemen's Land Aborigines now domiciled at Flinders' Island, to a central station on the South Coast of Australia.
It is now about twelve months since I had (he honour to submit a statement to the Government, containing a brief outline of a plan for the amelioration of the Aborigines of New Holland; and in my subsequent communications which 1 have had the honour to transmit, I have also occasionally adverted thereto: yet, after the most intense reflection and reconsideration, I am still of opinion that the most judicious course to be adopted, is the one I have before had the honour to recommend, and that it is, moreover, the one in which the greatest possible good would be comprehended.
I am quite unacquainted with the ground of objection in reference to the removal of the Van Diemen's Land Aborigines to New Holland, but presume that the only reason that can be urged in disfavour of the measure, is the circumstance of their being foreigners, and the inimical feeling likely to accrue therefrom. Another ground of objection might also be considered, viz.: their decidedly hostile feelings towards the whites, which was so unequivocally marked whilst in their native districts.
The above being the principal objections, it will be quite unnecessary to advert to others of minor importance.
With reference to the above objections, I would observe, that the most hostile of the Aborigines are now defunct, and from the decidedly conciliatory feeling evinced by . the residue, together with the paucity of their numbers, not the slightest apprehension need be entertained as to their coming in collision. And, moreover, as the principal cause of unfriendly feeling and animosity has generally arisen from an improper interference with the women of the country, no fear need exist of such a result, as the Van Diemen's Land Aborigines have a preponderance of the female sex.
I would observe that in my frequent conferences with the natives, they have not only shown a willingness, but have expressed a most ardent desire, to be so employed, and assured me that they would be able to propagate the principles of civilization which they had acquired ; and from my long acquaintance with, and knowledge of these people, and their aptitude to acquire .language, the greatest possible good might be hoped for, and I feel persuaded that they would not only be willing, but efficient, auxiliaries, in this benevolent undertaking.
For the further elucidation of this subject it may be necessary to bring under review, the present Aboriginal population now domiciled at Flinders' Island, and proposed to be removed. The entire numbers, including men, women, and children, are about 120 of these there are about sixty males (forty-nine of whom are adults), several of them are aged, and the whole of them are now civilized. From fifteen to twenty of these individuals hare accompanied me at different periods on my Missionary duties on the main, and the fidelity and attachment they invariably evinced, is assuredly a sufficient guarantee for their future good conduct; for it must be apparent, that if they had been disposed to be unfaithful, and to abscond, they would have been more likely to do so in their own native country than in a foreign land, where the natives are not only superior in prowess, but overwhelming in numbers.
I am by no means surprised that objections should be raised to the translation of the Flinders Island Aborigines to the adjacent coast of New Holland. The hostile character evinced by the people at a former period, is sufficient to justify such a conclusion, but as it will be presumed that I would not recommend a measure of doubtful character, or one that I had not just grounds for pre-supposing could be carried into effect, since the proposition on my part, is perfectly gratuitous and unsought for, and one in which (in case of a failure) my reputation would be impugned, I do hope, that the measures I have now the honour to propose, or may hereafter submit, may be duly considered, and trust that it will be conceded that I have no other end in view than that of humanity.
There are other and numerous reasons that might be adduced in favour of the measure, both as regards the Van Diemen's Land Aborigines as well as those amongst whom they might domicile.
In reference to the Van Diemen's Land natives, it would be the best possible measure that could be adopted; it would enable them to pursue the pleasures of the chase whenever their inclinations led them to do so, and which at Flinders' Island they are now deprived of: and the continual visits of the Australian natives to the settlement, would tend to beguile the ennui with which they are liable to be afflicted. Moreover, being far removed from their native country, they would be less liable to mental irritation; as at their present abode the hills of Van Diemen's Land are distinctly visible, and are therefore apt to kindle and keep alive in their minds, recollections connected with their former habits and mode of life, which would be obviated by the adoption of the measures now under consideration.
No. 11
Hobart Town, October 28, 1836.
SIR,
In reference to my communication of yesterday's date, relative to the translation of the Flinder's Island Aborigines to the South Coast of New Holland, and the adoption of a scheme for their mutual protection and general amelioration, I do myself the honour to submit the subjoined particulars, in continuation, and which 1 hope may tend to the elucidation of a subject, of all others the most important, and one in which the interests and welfare of a numerous and hitherto neglected portion of the human race is involved.
Having in my previous communications not only shown that no danger need be apprehended from the translation of the Van Diemen's Land Aborigines to New Holland, but on the contrary, that a reciprocity of benefit would simultaneously accrue, I propose to adduce, in support of this subject, such considerations as may illustrate this fact, as well as the measures to be adopted for its attainment. I trust it will be conceded that the gathering in of the remnant tribes of the Van Diemen's Land Aborigines, their ultimate removal, the protection and provision afforded them, with the astonishing and marked results that have taken place, are, and must necessarily be quite providential, a fact which I think the most sceptical will readily admit, and which I feel assured will be to the mind of every Christian philanthropist, a source of the highest possible gratification, and a refutation to the unjust and cruel calumnies propagated against this portion of the human family, and establishes the fact, that these people, as well as others of a similar character, are capable of mental improvement, provided proper and judicious measures are afforded for its attainment; and I would here observe, that the result justifies the remark, that the measures of Government in removing the Van Diemen's Land Aborigines from the main territory, were wise, politic, and humane.
It now remains to be shown, that should the British Government still object to their removal, and continue them in their present, situation, the probability is, that in a very short period of time, they will become extinct. The following circumstances would justify such a conclusion:—I. Because the three principal tribes, designated the Big River, Oyster Bay, and Stony Creek, have no children, neither have they had any since they have been at the settlement, and had only one at the time they were removed; nor is it at all probable they ever will have any children. The cause of this unfruitfulness may be attributed to their intense anxiety, and harassed mode of life whilst perambulating the settled districts, and to other causes consequent thereupon. Those native women who have borne children are defunct, and others, who are old and infirm, must, in the course of nature, shortly die: and, although it may be argued, that the same event might happen, even were they removed; yet, supposing that such should be the case, I would submit (provided it be the will of Providence to permit the race to die off), whether it would not be better that it should take place under such circumstances, than that it should happen in their present isolated situation, where they will linger, and where a gradual diminution of their numbers will operate sensibly on their minds, producing a degree of mental excitement, and melancholy reflection, distressing to their feelings; and I must confess, that I should not wish to be a spectator of such an unhappy result; whereas, by the adoption of the measures proposed, they would be amalgamated with the natives of the country, and hence, should the same result transpire, the excitement would not be felt. I confess, I do not see what possible objection can now exist to the execution of this plan, fraught as it is, with such manifold advantages; but should any doubt still exist, the precautionary steps I have recommended, would be sufficient to guard against contingent circumstances, namely:—The removal of the people by divisions; &c., and the occasional distribution of the male adults to the European agents at remote stations, would, I think, be a sufficient preventive to any, the slightest irregularities that might be feared.
Again, if a reduction of expenditure were to be considered, I think it could be shown that a material saving might be effected by the alteration; but this, I am quite sure, is a proposition that would not be entertained for one moment, especially by a Government proverbial for its liberality, and towards a people who hare such powerful claims on the beneficence of the country. Moreover, parsimony is a subject which in matters of such a character, ought assuredly never to be had recourse to.
In conclusion, I beg to state, that I purpose doing myself the honour to submit a renewal of this subject at the earliest possible opportunity.
No. III
Hobart Town, October 29,1836.
SIR.
In continuation of the subject contained in my last two letters of the 27th and 28th instant... to advert to the measures requisite to be adopted for the protection and general amelioration of the Aboriginal inhabitants of the Australian provinces, and, without adverting to the powerful claims of the original occupants of that country upon the British nation, it only remains to be shown that a prompt necessity exists, that some effort be made to carry into complete effect the aforementioned purposes, and in connexion therewith, the Flinders' Island establishment, if removed, would lay the foundation of an institution which, if properly directed, would effectuate the benevolent purposes now under consideration. For the attainment of the above object, it has been proposed, that the operations be on an extended scale, and that a principal station be formed on a central part of the South coast of New Holland, and that other stations of a similar character, bat of minor importance, be opened at every available spot that might be occupied by European colonists, and at which an agent with Aboriginal assistance, should be placed; and that a regular and constant communication be maintained with the central establishment, by which arrangement the most extensive operations could be controlled and brought under review. Spencer's Gulf, from its geographical situation, appears well adapted for a central station; there are many and numerous objections to Kangaroo Island, in fact to any island, for such a purpose, and I am sure it will be readily admitted, that the removal of a people from their native country ought never to be had recourse to, except through dire necessity, and then only by voluntary expatriation, as in the case of the Aborigines of this country; and that it is possible to conciliate the most savage tribes will not be questioned, since there never existed a nation of their character, possessing greater ferocity of feeling, and who had, from a system of persecution carried on against them, been goaded on to the most dreadful, and the highest possible pitch of excitement, and yet they, have been civilised. If, under each untoward circumstances, this has been accomplished, how much easier may it be effected with a people less incensed, and not under such particular excitement.
The measures that have been put in operation for the subjugation of the Aborigines of Van Diemen's Land, and which have proved so successful, are, I believe, quite unique. History does not furnish an instance where a whole nation has been removed by so humane and mild a policy. The amelioration of the Aboriginal inhabitants of New Holland, is a subject I hare long considered and one that has employed a very considerable share of my attention. They have ever appeared to me an abused and a sadly neglected race. To induce an erratic people, such as the Australian Aborigines, to a settled mode of life, is a work of no ordinary character. In the. Polynesian Islands in the South Seas, the natives have fixed residences, and hence, the work of Christian instruction and civilization has gone on and prospered. But with the New Hollanders it is first necessary that their erratic propensities be overcome, ere any good could be hoped for, to which end, the most intense application, and determined perseverance is requisite.
In conclusion I would observe, that no doubt exists on my mind, that the Flinders' Island Aborigines would remain and settle in one fixed abode, and hence the apparent comforts they would enjoy, arising from their knowledge of civilized habits and acquirements, would constitute a most pleasing example to the inhabitants of the country amongst whom they might settle; and as it is an axiom that example teaches before precepts, it is more applicable to, and more easily understood by, an untutored race, than would be any other mode of instruction, and, therefore, it might be reasonably hoped that such strangers as might occasionally visit the settlement, would carry back the impression they had received, and communicate the same to other tribes, who would be ultimately induced to adopt a similar mode of life, and thus lead to the formation of settlements of a similar character.
Roberts Scott, Esquire, of Glendon, and The
Aborigines Question
20 September,
1838
“Minutes of
Evidence, ‘The Aborigines Question’
Robert Scott,
Esquire, of Glendon, examined: -
I have been
in constant communication with the Aborigines for sixteen years past; more
particularly with those on the Hunter. I have observed, that whenever any
collision took place between them and the whites, the natives were led on by
someone among themselves, best acquainted the Europeans, and most civilized.
Violence, however, ceases as they become better acquainted with our power to
punish, and it is only in our first intercourse with the natives, that outrage
is to be apprehended. If vigorous measures were adopted on the first occasions
of offence, they would immediately be taught (what must sooner or later be
taught them) that there is other law to which they are amenable, than their own
will; that they are subject to our laws, and the earlier this is impressed on
them, the less will be the suffering on either side, particularly theirs.
Among
themselves they have no governing principle but force; superior strength alone
commands obedience; each person is free to do anything within his own daring;
personal fear is his only control. So perfectly free are these people, that they
have divided and subdivided themselves into independent communities, until they
have at length dwindled into mere families, where the child, from habit alone,
obeys his parent. Each tribe is at full liberty to make war with its neighbour,
and I never knew any two of them to remain long upon friendly terms with each
other. My own tribe I have known alternately at war and in amity with every
tribe in the district, over and over again; and whenever an opportunity presents
itself, and they have the power, an excuse is never wanting to commit the most
wanton and brutal outrages upon each other ... Men so constituted, cannot be
kept in check, except by force, and the certainty of instant retaliation. It is
useless to deceive ourselves – it is wicked to do so.
Long
experience has taught us that the natives are not to be trusted; surely then it
is folly to put ourselves in their power, without the means of defence if
attacked, or of punishment if injured; and they are shrewd enough to know when
they may commit aggression with impunity. And upon the principle, that it is
better to prevent crime than punish it, the wise plan would be to assume so
imposing an attitude as to prevent even the attempt at resistance. The possession
of power does not necessarily imply that it shall be abused; and the assumption
of it in our outposts, would, I sincerely believe, entirely prevent these
dreadful collisions which have so often
stained the annals of our intercourse with the natives. They do not, and can not
comprehend forbearance, they attribute it to fear, impunity urges them to
renewed aggression, success gives them new courage,, until at length the
patience of the Europeans is exhausted, they fly to arms, and then follow those
scenes which must be expected when men are driven to take the law into their own
hands, which by timely interference on the part of a properly constituted
authority, might at once have been checked, or at all events quelled with far
less passion, and at one-tenth the expense of human blood.
I do not
believe any course of education capable of civilizing these natives, short of
total separation from all intercourse with their race, from the earliest
infancy. I have known many instances myself, of their return to savage life,
after having for long periods enjoyed the comforts and security of civilization;
and what is still more lamentable, these very persons have almost invariable
been the instigators of, and leaders in, the aggressions committed upon
Europeans; and it is my firm belief, to people from Flinders Island will do the
same, the instant they are relieved from restraint, and will immediately return
to their former habits, and join wit the natives among whom they happen to fall,
if permitted; if not, a war of extermination will be the consequence, among
themselves. In either case the British settler must suffer ...
With regard
to the Protectors themselves, I
cannot conceive how any civilized being could submit to join and associate with
the natives of the interior as one of themselves ... if the Protectors are to
possess any property whatever, they must be supplied with the means of defence;
and if to this were added the power to punish, as well the white as the black,
the best results might be looked for, as far as peace and good order are
concerned ....
Mr. McArthur
built a hut and fenced in a small paddock for his tribe at Camden. They would
not sow the seed – it was sown for them, they would not hoe the corn – it
was hoed for them; and at length as the maize got ripe, they pulled what they
wished to eat, but would not house the crop. Nor is this a solitary instance.
By all that has been said, I do not mean to imply that the natives are incapable of improvement. They possess both the generous and good feelings, and the evil passions in the highest degree; and by studying their peculiar character, plans may be devised for encouraging the one and correcting the other; and I am persuaded the whole colony would join heart and hand in aiding a well-devised scheme (having experience for its basis) for the amelioration of the Aboriginal natives of these colonies.
FRIDAY, 21 SEPTEMBER 1838.
The Reverend Lancelot Edward Threlkeld, examined : —
I
reside at Lake Macquarie, and have done so nearly fourteen rears, during which I have been engaged in
acquiring a knowledge of the language of the Aboriginal natives, and instructing them ; for six years of that period, my
undertaking was carried on under the auspices of the London Missionary Society;
but owing to the heavy expense of the Mission, amounting to about £500 per
annum for my own support, and that of such natives as I could persuade to remain
with me, for the double purpose of obtaining from them a knowledge of their
language, and to give me an opportunity of endeavouring to civilise and instruct
them. The Society being disappointed in the amount of aid expected from other
quarters, and regarding the expense as encroaching too much upon their funds,
relinquished the Mission, and for nearly two rears 1 was left to my own
resources, and the assistance of some friends, without other aid, when General
Darling obtained the authority of the Secretary of State, for an allowance of £150
a-year", and £36 in lieu of rations for four convict servants, which has
been granted to me during the last eight years.
The
Mission has thus occasioned an expense to the London Society, for the first six
years, of about £3000; and for the eight following years, to the Colonial
Government (at the rate of £186 per annum), of about £1488, or about £4488
for the fourteen years, exclusive of my own outlay.
For the probable result of the Mission, if pecuniary aid sufficient to carry out my plans had been continued, I beg leave to refer to the opinion of Messrs. Backhouse and Walker, who visited my station, as given in their letter to the Society, dated May 21,1836.
The native languages throughout New South Wales, are, I feel persuaded, based upon the same origin ; bat I have found the dialects of various tribes differ from that of those which occupy the country around Lake Macquarie; that is to say, of those tribes occupying the limits bounded by the North Head of Port Jackson, on the south, and s Hunter's River on the north, and extending inland about sixty miles, til of which speak the same dialect,
The natives of Port Stephen use a dialect a little different, but not so much so as to prevent our understanding each other; but at Patrick's Plains the difference is so great, that we cannot communicate with each other; there are blacks who speak both dialects.
The dialect of the Sydney and Botany Bay natives varies in a slight degree, and in that of those further distant, the difference is such that no communication can be held between them and the blacks inhabiting the district in which I reside.
From information obtained from Mr. Watson of Wellington Valley, I learn that the language of the tribes of that district, is also derived from the same general origin, but their various dialects also differ very roach, and the use of any one dialect is very limited.
During the period of my connexion with the London Missionary Society, I generally had about three or four tribes resident around me upon 10,000 acres of land, granted in trust for the use of the Aborigines ; and I have occasionally employed from ten to sixty blacks, in burning off timber and clearing the land, at which work they would continue for a fortnight together, being the employment they appeared to like best; since that period, I have not been able to employ more than half a dozen at 'a time, having no funds at my disposal for their support.
I have generally found, that they would continue at their work for eight or ten days at a time, when some other object called them away, and they remained' absent for as many weeks. Two lads whom I was teaching to read and write, in which they had made some progress, remained with me for six months, when they went away, and after an absence of nearly a year returned, and they are now at work at my residence where they will probably stay until some native custom, or report of hostile intention from a neighbouring tribe will again call them away.
With respect to the advancement of the natives in civilization, I beg to state a fact which occurred in May last; when I was required to attend the Supreme Court as interpreter, on the trial of an Aboriginal; the dialect spoken by the prisoner, was different from that which I understood; and 1 could communicate with him only through an Aboriginal named M'Gill, who when questioned by Judge Burton, as to his knowledge of God—on the nature of an oath—of truth—and of future punishment; his replies were so intelligent, as to induce the Judge to enquire, if I had baptized him; to which I replied, that I had not; for although his answers were such as he had heard, the general conduct of the witness, in regard to drunkenness, was perfectly inconsistent with the character of a Christian.
I doubt whether any moral or religious impression has been made upon him, although be is better informed, than any of the natives with whom I are acquainted.
About a fortnight ago, I was conversing with some blacks at Morpeth, respecting a future judgment, and the anger of God at criminal practices. On asking if they j. understood me, they replied, " Oh, yes, M'Gill had told them that before." In other instances, I have received similar replies. This shows that he had thought on the subject, and should his mind become impressed with a sincere belief in the truths of Christianity, I should expect much good from him as a native teacher; and there are other blacks of whom I might say the same.
If I had the means (as formerly), of inducing the natives to assemble around me, and giving them employment, such as they would engage in, I think that much good would be the result of affording me an opportunity of more constant communication with them.
I have at two periods put up huts for them, but they do not like to dwell in huts for two reasons :—one, the accumulation of vermin ; the other, the fear of other natives coming in the night, and spearing them without a possibility of escape.
Unless the Government afford such protection as will prevent their ferocious attacks upon each other, it is impossible to retain any party in one place for a length of time. On requesting M'Gill to plant corn on a piece of ground which I had prepared for him, his reply was, " It would be useless, as the tribes from the neighbouring Sugar Loaf Mountain, would come down and take it away when ripe, although on friendly terms; the whole system of the blacks, is that of continued aggressions against each other, which, whilst it is opposed to every effort, or exertion to civilize them, demonstrates the necessity of Christian instruction, which alone can change their habit of life.
In regard to the removal of the Flinders' Island blacks, to Port Phillip, I am of opinion, that there is no fear of their leaving the establishment, as they will be in terror of the neighbouring blacks; premising, that their dwelling together at Flinders Island it not by compulsion, and that their removal therefrom, to Port Phillip, is in accordance with their own wishes.
Having read the Report of the Commandant of the establishment, and anticipating similar results when removed, I have no hesitation in saying, that I think the establishment itself may be beneficial, as an example to the other blacks, who will, in al probability visit it
I do not feel equal to giving an answer as to the safety of the establishment from plunder by the neighbouring tribes at Port Phillip, as I know nothing of their character; but judging from the natives in our own vicinity, who once attacked and plundered our huts, and amongst whom were some who had been employed and well treated by myself, I should have my fears for its safety without police protection.
In respect to the office of Protectors, I think too much is expected, in the duties which are to devolve on them, as stated in the despatch from Lord Glenelg, at page 3, from No. 1 to 8. I consider a Protector as a legal advocate to watch over the rights and interests of the natives, and to protect them from aggression, as defined in No. 2 of the despatch, which I think would be sufficient occupation for any individual.
Tho object contemplated in Nos. 4 and 5, respecting the moral and religions improvement of the natives by instruction, would be more properly the duty of persons appointed specially for that purpose, and would fully occupy their time.
To illustrate the subject, and show the necessity of legal protectors, I state the following circumstance:—I was directed by the Government to send a man of mine to Patrick's Plains, to give evidence respecting the alleged murder of three black women by their own countrymen; I had to attend myself, and the distance I had to travel was 200 miles, which detained me a week. I was informed on the road, of a murder at Liverpool Plains, which took place a year before, when, after some depredations, committed by the blacks in spearing cattle, a party of stockmen went out, took a black prisoner, tied his arms behind him, and then fastened him to the stirrup of a stockman ; when the party arrived near their respective stations, they separated, stockman to conduct his prisoner to his hut. The black, when be found they were alone, was reluctant to proceed, and the stockman took hit knife from his pocket, stuck the black through the throat, and left him for dead; the black crawled to the station of a gentleman at the plains, told his tale, and expired. Another instance was mentioned to tae, of a stockman, who boasted to his master, of having killed six or eight black with his own hands, when in pursuit of them with his companions; for which his master discharged him. These cases alone, if I had authority to act, would have taken me some months from home, merely to investigate the matter at that distant place.
Since the above period, I am informed of another instance, in which some blacks were decoyed into a hut, and then permitted (one at a time) to come out, when they were butchered instantly, until all were destroyed. Another instance, the particulars of which I only learned last week, namely a party of blacks were catting bark at a station, on, or near the Gwyder River; the overseer told them to go away, as a party were out after the blacks and they might be killed ; they did not leave, and the party of stockmen came upon them, and killed the whole of them, men, , women, and children, reserving only two little girls, who, after being dreadfully injured, came to where my men were, who saw them in a shocking state, and so weak, that one fell into the fire and was severely burnt; if alive, they are probably still at the station on the Gwyder; but if a stir is made, I fear they would be put out of the way.
Thus, I am firmly of opinion, that a Protector of the Aborigines will be fully employed in investigating cases, which are so numerous and shocking to humanity, and in maintaining their civil rights, I am certain, that the duties attached to the office of Protector of the Aborigines, at stated from No. I to No. 8 in the despatch of Lord Glenelg, are more than any single individual can perform.
I have no doubt, individuals nay be found who would advances into the interior, and attach themselves to a black tribe or tribes; the fact of Mr. Robinson having brought in the tribes as consequence of his having previously adopted that measure, proves the practicability of the plan proposed by Lord Glenelg.
It would take a considerable time to obtain the means of communication with them in their own language I am persuaded it would attended with much personal danger; but as this measure is strictly of a Missionary nature, such dangers are generally contemplated ; should the measure be adopted with suitable agents, I should naturally look for success.
I am of opinion, that it would be much more beneficial, if an establishment could be formed on the Moravian principle, far distant in the interior, whence the agents employed could emanate, and to which they could point as a refuge for the Aborigines, and wherein they could assume settled habits of life and obtain religious instruction in the Gospel of Christ, without which nothing permanent for their amelioration, will, I am persuaded, be effected. The expense of such an establishment, would be considerable ; but unless entered into with spirit, and full and efficient means be allowed for the employment and support of the natives, I am decidedly of opinion, that not only my own employment will become a waste of the put year of my life, as respects my own station, but similar experiments, however varied their titles, will end only in disappointment to the friends of humanity, of vexation to the agents employed, and be of comparatively small benefit to the Aborigines of New South Wales.
Lieutenant Richard Sadleir, R.N., Master of the Male
Orphan School, Liverpool, and The Aborigines Question
Friday, 21
September, 1838
The
Aborigines Question.
“When I
first arrived here, in 1826 (‘Mr. Sadleir’s reports in 1826 and 1827, when
he went to Wellington Valley to report upon a Report of Mr. Harper’s, wanting.
These, with the other Reports, are, in all probability, amongst the papers of
the Clerk and School Corporation in the Colonial Secretary’s Office’) I was
employed on a tour of enquiry as to the state of the Aborigines, by order of the
Home Government ... I proceeded first to Argyle, and examined into the numbers
of the tribes, and as to their intercourse with the whites, and the causes of
disputes with them.
From the
Murrumbidgee, I struck off to Bathurst ... from thence, I went eighty miles
below Wellington Valley, on the Macquarie River; afterwards to the head of
Hunter’s River, which I traced down to Newcastle. I had with me only one man,
two horses, and a cart.
I sometimes
ventured from thirty to sixty miles beyond the stations of the whites, and on
one occasion, reached a tribe consisting of
about one hundred persons, at the Cataract, on the Macquarie, who had
never seen white people. I made them presents, and was received in a friendly
manner, and remained with them for the night ...
I think it
would be dangerous for a single individual to go amongst the native tribes
beyond the white’s settlements. It would be a perilous undertaking, but one I
have already ventured on myself, and it is a well known fact, that whites have
lived amongst them for years, as in the case of Buckley, and some bushrangers.
There would be a difficulty in communicating with any but the tribe whose
language had been previously acquired ... It is, however, certain, that a small
body of Europeans may travel amongst them when well armed and maintaining a
conciliatory spirit, as in the case of Mr Eyre ... Captain Stuart ... and Mr
Cunningham; indeed we see stock stations extended among them, when there have
been very few white persons, and those persons having shown a spirit of
conciliation, have not been molested; whereas, in other instances, where, in al
probability a different spirit had been exhibited, aggression has followed. ...
Respecting the office of Protectors, if they are persons qualified to fill the office, and magistrates; I conceive that they may be of great benefit both to the whites and the Aborigines, as at present both parties have much reason to complain of the impossibility of obtaining justice; the natives have to endure a variety of wrongs, without any means of redrew, but by retaliation; and the whites are placed in much the same situation; the consequence is, that there ever has been, and must continue to be a system of reprisal, often leading to the most atrocious acts of violence on both sides; but more especially inexcusable on the part of the whites, who have in several instances practised, barbarities on these people, revolting to human nature, which have been overlooked, in consequence of there being no public officer to apprehend and prosecute the parties.
1 have known cases of this kind, but not being in the commission of the peace, I
E. could not act, but could only content myself with making them known to the government, who could not adopt measures promptly enough to bring the parties to justice.
My opinion is, that a Protector (supposing him to be a man of influence and energy), residing on the outskirts of the white population, would prevent a number of the feuds and violences daily taking place between the white and Aboriginal population ;—would preserve order and law amongst the whites themselves;—would impress the Aborigines with a proper opinion of our character as a people (the very opposite of which is the case now; the Aborigines being brought first in contact with the mort unprincipled of oar countrymen), and would, from their opportunities of observation, be enabled to suggest to government, from time to time, such measures as would not only prevent that too general feeling of Lynch law, but serve to ameliorate the condition of the Aboriginal population, and afford security to the whites themselves.
My own experience convinces me, that much of the evil which at present exists may be prevented by the residence of officers on the frontiers, whose peculiar province it would be to ascertain the sources of these evils, and then suggest the means of preventing them.
But I must further add, that I conceive the duties laid down in Lord Glenelg's despatch, are in many instances unsuitable to the office of Protectors (which should be, strictly speaking, a civil office) being of a missionary character, and that they are likewise too onerous for any one individual to perform. I likewise think the salary for Assistant Protectors too small to ensure men of the proper qualifications, the office being one not only requiring moral character, but likewise men of address and standing in society.
I conceive that the duties which should be allotted to the Protectors, are those which are detailed in paragraphs, Nos. 1, 2, 6, 7, and 8, and that the duties defined in the other paragraphs more properly belong to teachers of religion.
Other expenses besides mere salary, will be requisite for the Protectors. They must have either an European or Aboriginal police; also have funds for presents, &c. so that the expense cannot be estimated at less than £500 per annum for each Protector.
I further conceive that a summary of our laws should be translated into the dialects of the Aborigines, and frequently promulgated amongst them—for as they are subject to our laws, without any choice in framing them, it is but justice that they should be made made acquainted with them.
Respecting the removal of the Flinders' Island Blacks, this appears to be a matter of necessity, as they are dying away rapidly, and must shortly become extinct, therefore justice and humanity require their removal, if the cause or causes of the prevailing fatality cannot be overruled. Wearing English clothing, want of their usual allowance of animal food, situation, nostalgia, or mal du pays, may all contribute to this end ; some of these causes, therefore, can be removed, but others are beyond the power of control.
If the necessity for their removal be, however, admitted, the question whether they ought to be located in Van Diemen's Land, or removed here, becomes the next subject of consideration. It appears from the enquiries I have been able to make, that locating them in Van Diemen's Land would revive the old feelings of hostility, and awaken recollections of past violences, and that therefore it would be an impolitic act. The bringing them to this colony, consequently appears to be the only resource left. What their influence would be upon the uncivilized tribes, appears to me to be very problematical ; and how far it would he possible to preserve them when introduced within the pale of our white population, from the destroying influence of that population, as well as with what feelings of jealousy a foreign tribe may be viewed by the Aboriginal Natives here, are questions which our present experience would lead us to hesitate coming to any conclusion on.
I conceive, in both these instances, we most depend upon the ability and experience of Mr. Robinson, whose extraordinary success should certainly establ